Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance in municipal and hospital wastewaters in Czech Republic: Culture-based and metagenomic approaches

Wastewaters serve as important hot spots for antimicrobial resistance and monitoring can be used to analyse the abundance diversity of genes at level large bacterial human populations. In this study, whole genome sequencing beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli metagenomic analysis whole-community DNA were characterize occurrence in hospital, municipal river waters city Brno (Czech Republic). Cefotaxime-resistant E. mainly extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers (95.6%, n = 158), which majority carried bla CTX-M (98.7%; 151) detected all water samples except outflow from hospital wastewater treatment plant . A wide phylogenetic was observed among sequenced (n 78) based on detection 40 sequence types single nucleotide polymorphisms (average number 34,666 ± 15,710) between strains. The revealed a high genera with potentially pathogenic members, including Pseudomonas , Klebsiella Aeromonas, Enterobacter Arcobacter (relative >50%) untreated wastewaters predominance environmental bacteria treated waters. Genes encoding aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, quinolones macrolides frequently detected, however not found dataset may affected by insufficient depth samples. study pointed out possible source multi-drug resistant surface Moreover, combination two different approaches provided more holistic view environments. culture-based approach facilitated insight into dynamics ESBL-producing metagenomics shows vary across sites. • Antimicrobial approaches. High prevalence wastewaters. extraintestinal-pathogenic WWTP. Predominance